Frederick Douglass Learning to Read and Write Joliffeã¢â‚¬â„¢s Rhetorical Framework

Rhetorical question is one that expects no answer. It is asked in order to make a statement rather than to go a answer They are oftentimes used in dramatic state of affairs and in publisistic style.

e. thou. What was the expert of discontented people who fitted in nowhere?

Litotes- is a device - an affirmation is expressed past denying its opposite

Usually litotes presupposes double negation. I through a negative particle (no, non) the other - through a word with negative meanixig. Its function is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the exact characteristics of the object or a feeling.

e.g. Information technology's not a bad thing - It's a good affair.

east.1000. He is no coward. He is a brave human.

e.thou. He was not without sense of taste.

Модуль 1

СРСП №one Сделать конспект .

СРСП №2 Реферат на выбранную тему.

Таблица организации самостоятельной работы студента СРС по 1-модулю УК

Темы	Количество часов	Форма контроля	График контроля
i. Stylistic classification of English language vocabulary.		конспект	Сентябрь
2. Phonetic expressive means		доклад	Октябрь

Модуль 1

Планы семинарских занятий

Seminar 1. Main Trends in Style Study. Functional Stylistics and Functional Styles. Forms and Types of the Language. Stylistics of Artistic Spoken language. Individual Style Study. Decoding Stylistics. Practical Stylistics. Levels of Linguistic Analysis. Foregrounding. Aims of Stylistic Assay.

Task: Answer the following questions after reading the text below.

1. What are the main trends in fashion study?

two. What forms and types of speech do you know?

3. What is a functional style and what functional styles do you know?

4. What do you know of the studies in the domain of the mode of artistic speech?

5. What exercise yous know almost individual style study? What authors virtually oftentimes concenter the attention of style

theoreticians?

6. What is foregrounding and how does it operate in the text?

7. What levels of linguistic analysis exercise you know and which of them are relevant for stylistic analysis?

8. What is decoding stylistics?

9. What is the main concern of practical stylistics?

x. What is the ultimate goal of stylistic assay of a spoken communication product?

The term "stylistics" originated from the Greek "stylos", which means, "a pen".-In the class of time it developed several meanings, each one practical to a specific study of language elements and their use in speech.

Information technology is no news that any propositional content - whatsoever "thought" - tin be verbalized in several different ways. So, "May I offer you a chair?", "Take a seat, please", "Sit down" - have the aforementioned proposition (discipline affair) but differ in the fashion of expression, which, in its turn, depends upon the situational atmospheric condition of the communication act.

seventy per cent of our lifetime is spent in diverse forms of communication activities - oral (speaking, listening) or written (reading, writing), so information technology is self-evident how of import it is for a philologist to know the mechanics of relations between the non-verbal, extralinguistic, cognitive essence of the chatty human action and its verbal, linguistic presentation. It is no surprise, then, that many linguists follow their famous French colleague Charles Bally, challenge that Stylistics is primarily the study of synonymic language resource.

Representatives of the not less well-known Prague schoolhouse -5.Mathesius, T.Vachek, J.Havranek and others focused their attending on the priority of the situational ceremoniousness in the choice of linguistic communication varieties for their adequate functioning. Thus , functional stylistics, which became and remains an international, very of import trend in style written report, deals with sets, "paradigms" of linguistic communication units of all levels of language hierarchy serving to accommodate the needs of certain typified communicative situations. These paradigms are known equally functional styles of the language. Proceeding from the famous definition of the style of a language offered past V.V.Vinogradov more half a century ago, we shall follow the understanding of a functional style formulated past I. R. Galperin as "a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfil a specific part of advice and aiming at a definite effect."

All scholars concord that a well developed language, such as English, is streamed into several functional styles. Their classifications, though, coincide only partially: most way theoreticians exercise non argue virtually the number of functional styles being five, but disagree about their nomenclature. This transmission offers one of the rather widely accustomed classifications which singles out the following functional styles:

i. official style, represented in all kinds of official documents and papers;

ii. scientific mode, found in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific and bookish publications;

3. publicist mode, covering such genres every bit essay, feature article, well-nigh writings of "new journalism", public speeches, etc.;

4. newspaper style, observed in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers;

five. belles-lettres style, embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing.

It is but the first three that are invariably recognized in all stylistic treatises. As to the paper fashion, it is often regarded equally office of the publicist domain and is not always treated individually. But the biggest controversy is flaming effectually the belles-lettres mode. The unlimited possibilities of creative writing, which covers the whole of the universe and makes use of all language resources, led some scholars to the conviction that because of the liability of its contours, information technology can be hardly qualified as a functional style. Still others merits that, regardless of its versatility, the belles-lettres style, in each of its physical representations, fulfils the aesthetic role, which fact singles this style out of others and gives grounds to recognize its systematic uniqueness, i.e. charges it with the status if an autonomous functional mode. To compare different views on the number of functional styles and their classification see corresponding chapters in stylistic monographs, reference- and textbooks.

Each of the enumerated styles is exercized in two forms - written and oral: an article and a lecture are examples of the ii forms of the scientific way; news broadcast on the radio and Tv or newspaper data materials - of the newspaper style; an essay and a public spoken communication - of the publicist mode, etc.

The number of functional styles and the principles of their differentiation modify with time and reflect the state of the functioning language at a given menstruum. And so, but recently, most style classifications had also included the so-called poetic fashion which dealt with exact forms specific for poetry. But poetry, within the concluding decades, lost its isolated linguistic position; it makes use of all the vocabulary and grammar offered past the language at large and there is inappreciably sense in singling out a special poetic style for the contemporary linguistic situation, though its relevance for the language of the seventeenth, eighteenth and even the biggest part of the nineteenth centuries cannot exist argued.

Something similar can exist said nigh the oratoric style, which in ancient Greece was instrumental in the creation of "Rhetoric", where Aristotle, its writer, elaborated the basics of way study, all the same relevant today. The oratoric skill, though, has lost its position in social and political life. Nowadays speeches are mostly written first, and then contain all the characteristic features of publicist writing, which made it unnecessary to specify oratoric style within the gimmicky functional stratification of the language.

All the to a higher place-mentioned styles are singled out within the literary blazon of the language. Their performance is characterized by the intentional approach of the speaker towards the choice of linguistic communication means suitable for a detail communicative situation and the official, formal, preplanned nature of the latter.

The vernacular type of the language, on the contrary, is characterized past the unofficiality, spontaneity, informality of the communicative situation. Sometimes the vernacular type of speech is labelled "the colloquial style" and entered into the classification of functional styles of the linguistic communication, regardless of the situational and linguistic differences betwixt the literary and colloquial communication, and despite the fact that a fashion of spoken language manifests a conscious, mindful effort in choosing and preferring certain means of expression for the given communicative circumstances, while colloquial spoken communication is shaped by the immediacy, spontaneity, unpremeditativeness of the communicative state of affairs. Aslope this consideration there exists a stiff trend to care for colloquial spoken language equally an private linguistic communication system with its independent set of language units and rules of their connexion.

Functional stylistics, dealing in fact with all the subdivisions of the linguistic communication and all its possible usages, is the most all-embracing, "global", tendency in style study, and such specified stylistics as the scientific prose report, or newspaper style study, or the like, may exist considered elaborations of certain fields of functional stylistics.

A special place here is occupied by the report of creative writing -the belles-lettres manner, considering in it, higher up all, we deal with stylistic use of linguistic communication resources, i.e. with such a handling of language elements that enables them to bear not only the basic, logical, simply besides additional information of various types. Then the stylistics of artistic speech, or belles-lettres mode study, was shaped.

Functional stylistics at large and its specified directions proceed from the situationally stipulated linguistic communication "paradigms" and concentrate primarily on the analysis of the latter. It is possible to say that the attention of functional stylistics is focused on the message in its correlation with the communicative situation.

The message is common footing for communicants in an act of communication, an indispensable element in the exchange of information between two participants of the chatty human activity - the addresser (the supplier of information, the speaker, the writer) and the leaseholder (the receiver of the data, the listener, the reader).

Problems, concerning the choice of the most advisable language ways and their organization into a bulletin, from the viewpoint of the addresser, are the centre of attention of the individual style written report, which puts particular emphasis on the study of an individual author'due south way, looking for correlations between the creative concepts of the author and the language of his works.

In terms of information theory the writer'south stylistics may be named the stylistics of the encoder: the linguistic communication being viewed as the code to shape the information into the bulletin, and the supplier of the information, respectively, every bit the encoder. The addressee in this instance plays the part of the decoder of the information contained in the message; and the problems continued with adequate reception of the bulletin without whatever informational losses or deformations, i.eastward., with adequate decoding, are the business concern of decoding stylistics.

And, finally, the stylistics, proceeding from the norms of language usage at a given catamenia and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.) is called practical stylistics.

Thus, depending on the approach and the final aim in that location tin be observed several trends in style study. Mutual to all of them is the necessity to learn what the linguistic communication tin offer to serve the innumerable communicative tasks and purposes of language users; how various elements of the language participate in storing and transferring information; which of them carries which type of information, etc.

The best manner to find answers to most of these and like questions is to investigate advisory values and possibilities of linguistic communication units, following the structural hierarchy of language levels, suggested by a well-known Belgian linguist East. Benvemste nearly iv decades ago - at the Nine International Congress of Linguists in 1962, and accepted by virtually scholars today if not in its entirety, and then at to the lowest degree as the basis for farther elaboration and evolution.

Due east. Benveniste's scheme of analysis gain from the level of the phoneme - through the levels of the morpheme and the word to that of the sentence.

This book of practice is structured accordingly. The resources of each linguistic communication level become axiomatic in action, i.e. in speech communication, so the attention of the learners is drawn to the behaviour of each language element in functioning, to its aptitude to convey various kinds of information.

The ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more than in a definite context was called by Prague linguists foregrounding: indeed, when a word (affix, sentence), automatized by the long use in speech, through context developments, obtains some new, boosted features, the act resembles a background phenomenon moving into the front line - foregrounding.

A contextually foregrounded element carries more information than when taken in isolation, so it is possible to say that in context it is loaded with basic information inherently belonging to it, plus the acquired, adherent, additional information. It is this latter that is mainly responsible for the well-known fact that a sentence always means more than the sum full of the meanings of its component-words, or a text means more than the sum of its sentences. Then, stylistic analysis involves rather subtle procedures of finding the foregrounded element and indicating the chemical science of its contextual changes, brought about by the intentional, planned operations of the addresser, i.e. effected by the conscious stylistic use of the language.

For foreign language students stylistic analysis holds particular difficulties: linguistic intuition of a native speaker, which is very helpful in all philological activities, does not work in the case of strange learners. Besides, difficulties may arise because of the inadequate language control and the ensuing gaps in grasping the basic, denotational information. Starting stylistic assay, thus, ane should bear in mind that the understanding of each split component of the bulletin is an indispensable condition of satisfactory piece of work with the message as a whole, of getting down to the core and essence of its meaning.

Stylistic assay not only broadens the theoretical horizons of a language learner simply information technology also teaches the latter the skill of competent reading, on ane mitt, and proprieties of situational language usage, on the other.

Seminar 2. Lexical Stylistic Devices. Metaphor. Metonomy

Rhetorical question is one that expects no answer. Information technology is asked in order to make a statement rather than to get a respond They are often used in dramatic situation and in publisistic style.

e. g. What was the good of discontented people who fitted in nowhere?

Litotes- is a device - an affirmation is expressed by denying its reverse

Ordinarily litotes presupposes double negation. 1 through a negative particle (no, not) the other - through a word with negative meanixig. Its function is to convey doubts of the speaker concerning the verbal characteristics of the object or a feeling.

due east.g. It'due south not a bad affair - It's a good matter.

e.g. He is no coward. He is a brave man.

east.thou. He was non without taste.

Модуль 1

СРСП №i Сделать конспект .

СРСП №two Реферат на выбранную тему.

Таблица организации самостоятельной работы студента СРС по 1-модулю УК

Темы	Количество часов	Форма контроля	График контроля
1. Stylistic nomenclature of English vocabulary.		конспект	Сентябрь
2. Phonetic expressive means		доклад	Октябрь

Модуль one

Планы семинарских занятий

Seminar one. Chief Trends in Style Study. Functional Stylistics and Functional Styles. Forms and Types of the Linguistic communication. Stylistics of Artistic Speech communication. Individual Manner Report. Decoding Stylistics. Applied Stylistics. Levels of Linguistic Assay. Foregrounding. Aims of Stylistic Assay.

Job: Reply the following questions after reading the text below.

1. What are the principal trends in style written report?

ii. What forms and types of speech exercise you know?

3. What is a functional style and what functional styles do you lot know?

iv. What practise you know of the studies in the domain of the manner of artistic voice communication?

5. What do you lot know nigh individual style study? What authors virtually ofttimes attract the attention of mode

theoreticians?

6. What is foregrounding and how does it operate in the text?

7. What levels of linguistic analysis do y'all know and which of them are relevant for stylistic analysis?

8. What is decoding stylistics?

nine. What is the main concern of practical stylistics?

10. What is the ultimate goal of stylistic analysis of a spoken language product?

The term "stylistics" originated from the Greek "stylos", which means, "a pen".-In the grade of time it adult several meanings, each ane applied to a specific study of language elements and their use in speech.

It is no news that whatever propositional content - any "idea" - tin be verbalized in several different ways. So, "May I offer y'all a chair?", "Take a seat, please", "Sit down" - have the same suggestion (discipline matter) but differ in the manner of expression, which, in its turn, depends upon the situational conditions of the advice act.

70 per cent of our lifetime is spent in various forms of communication activities - oral (speaking, listening) or written (reading, writing), so it is self-evident how important it is for a philologist to know the mechanics of relations between the non-exact, extralinguistic, cognitive essence of the chatty act and its exact, linguistic presentation. It is no surprise, and then, that many linguists follow their famous French colleague Charles Bally, claiming that Stylistics is primarily the written report of synonymic language resources.

Representatives of the not less well-known Prague school -5.Mathesius, T.Vachek, J.Havranek and others focused their attention on the priority of the situational appropriateness in the selection of language varieties for their adequate functioning. Thus , functional stylistics, which became and remains an international, very important trend in style study, deals with sets, "paradigms" of linguistic communication units of all levels of linguistic communication hierarchy serving to accommodate the needs of certain typified communicative situations. These paradigms are known as functional styles of the language. Proceeding from the famous definition of the mode of a language offered past Five.V.Vinogradov more than than half a century ago, we shall follow the understanding of a functional style formulated by I. R. Galperin equally "a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned linguistic communication means intended to fulfil a specific office of advice and aiming at a definite effect."

All scholars agree that a well developed language, such every bit English, is streamed into several functional styles. Their classifications, though, coincide only partially: most manner theoreticians exercise not argue almost the number of functional styles existence five, but disagree about their nomenclature. This manual offers one of the rather widely accepted classifications which singles out the following functional styles:

1. official style, represented in all kinds of official documents and papers;

ii. scientific style, establish in articles, brochures, monographs and other scientific and academic publications;

3. publicist style, covering such genres as essay, characteristic article, almost writings of "new journalism", public speeches, etc.;

iv. paper mode, observed in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers;

v. belles-lettres way, embracing numerous and versatile genres of imaginative writing.

It is only the start three that are invariably recognized in all stylistic treatises. As to the paper fashion, information technology is often regarded as part of the publicist domain and is not ever treated individually. But the biggest controversy is flaming around the belles-lettres style. The unlimited possibilities of creative writing, which covers the whole of the universe and makes use of all language resources, led some scholars to the conviction that considering of the liability of its contours, it tin exist hardly qualified as a functional style. Still others claim that, regardless of its versatility, the belles-lettres manner, in each of its concrete representations, fulfils the artful office, which fact singles this style out of others and gives grounds to recognize its systematic uniqueness, i.east. charges it with the status if an democratic functional fashion. To compare different views on the number of functional styles and their classification see respective chapters in stylistic monographs, reference- and textbooks.

Each of the enumerated styles is exercized in two forms - written and oral: an article and a lecture are examples of the two forms of the scientific manner; news broadcast on the radio and Telly or paper information materials - of the newspaper style; an essay and a public speech - of the publicist style, etc.

The number of functional styles and the principles of their differentiation modify with time and reflect the state of the functioning language at a given period. Then, only recently, most style classifications had also included the so-called poetic style which dealt with verbal forms specific for poetry. Merely poetry, within the last decades, lost its isolated linguistic position; it makes use of all the vocabulary and grammar offered past the language at large and there is hardly sense in singling out a special poetic style for the contemporary linguistic situation, though its relevance for the language of the seventeenth, eighteenth and even the biggest part of the nineteenth centuries cannot be argued.

Something like can exist said about the oratoric fashion, which in ancient Greece was instrumental in the creation of "Rhetoric", where Aristotle, its author, elaborated the basics of manner study, still relevant today. The oratoric skill, though, has lost its position in social and political life. Nowadays speeches are mostly written outset, and and then incorporate all the characteristic features of publicist writing, which fabricated it unnecessary to specify oratoric style inside the contemporary functional stratification of the language.

All the above-mentioned styles are singled out inside the literary type of the linguistic communication. Their performance is characterized by the intentional approach of the speaker towards the choice of language ways suitable for a item chatty situation and the official, formal, preplanned nature of the latter.

The colloquial type of the language, on the opposite, is characterized by the unofficiality, spontaneity, informality of the communicative situation. Sometimes the vernacular type of speech is labelled "the vernacular manner" and entered into the nomenclature of functional styles of the language, regardless of the situational and linguistic differences between the literary and colloquial communication, and despite the fact that a style of voice communication manifests a conscious, mindful attempt in choosing and preferring sure means of expression for the given communicative circumstances, while vernacular speech communication is shaped past the immediacy, spontaneity, unpremeditativeness of the communicative situation. Aslope this consideration at that place exists a strong tendency to care for vernacular spoken language equally an individual language organisation with its independent ready of language units and rules of their connection.

Functional stylistics, dealing in fact with all the subdivisions of the language and all its possible usages, is the most all-embracing, "global", trend in mode report, and such specified stylistics as the scientific prose report, or newspaper manner written report, or the like, may be considered elaborations of certain fields of functional stylistics.

A special place here is occupied by the study of artistic writing -the belles-lettres style, because in information technology, higher up all, nosotros deal with stylistic use of language resources, i.due east. with such a handling of language elements that enables them to carry not only the bones, logical, but also additional information of diverse types. So the stylistics of creative speech, or belles-lettres way report, was shaped.

Functional stylistics at large and its specified directions proceed from the situationally stipulated language "paradigms" and concentrate primarily on the analysis of the latter. It is possible to say that the attention of functional stylistics is focused on the message in its correlation with the chatty situation.

The bulletin is common ground for communicants in an act of communication, an indispensable element in the exchange of information between two participants of the communicative act - the addresser (the supplier of information, the speaker, the writer) and the addressee (the receiver of the information, the listener, the reader).

Problems, concerning the choice of the most appropriate language ways and their arrangement into a message, from the viewpoint of the addresser, are the eye of attention of the private style study, which puts detail emphasis on the study of an individual writer'south style, looking for correlations betwixt the creative concepts of the author and the linguistic communication of his works.

In terms of information theory the author'southward stylistics may be named the stylistics of the encoder: the language being viewed every bit the code to shape the information into the message, and the supplier of the data, respectively, as the encoder. The addressee in this case plays the office of the decoder of the information independent in the message; and the bug connected with acceptable reception of the message without any informational losses or deformations, i.due east., with adequate decoding, are the concern of decoding stylistics.

And, finally, the stylistics, proceeding from the norms of language usage at a given period and teaching these norms to language speakers, especially the ones, dealing with the language professionally (editors, publishers, writers, journalists, teachers, etc.) is called practical stylistics.

Thus, depending on the approach and the final aim at that place tin be observed several trends in style study. Mutual to all of them is the necessity to learn what the linguistic communication tin offer to serve the innumerable communicative tasks and purposes of language users; how various elements of the language participate in storing and transferring information; which of them carries which type of information, etc.

The best way to find answers to well-nigh of these and similar questions is to investigate informational values and possibilities of language units, following the structural hierarchy of linguistic communication levels, suggested by a well-known Belgian linguist Eastward. Benvemste about four decades ago - at the Ix International Congress of Linguists in 1962, and accepted by most scholars today if not in its entirety, and so at to the lowest degree as the basis for further elaboration and evolution.

East. Benveniste'southward scheme of assay gain from the level of the phoneme - through the levels of the morpheme and the give-and-take to that of the sentence.

This volume of practice is structured accordingly. The resource of each language level become axiomatic in action, i.e. in speech communication, so the attention of the learners is drawn to the behaviour of each linguistic communication chemical element in functioning, to its aptitude to convey various kinds of data.

The ability of a verbal element to obtain extra significance, to say more in a definite context was called by Prague linguists foregrounding: indeed, when a word (affix, sentence), automatized by the long use in speech, through context developments, obtains some new, additional features, the deed resembles a groundwork phenomenon moving into the front line - foregrounding.

A contextually foregrounded element carries more information than when taken in isolation, and so it is possible to say that in context it is loaded with basic information inherently belonging to it, plus the acquired, adherent, additional information. It is this latter that is mainly responsible for the well-known fact that a judgement ever means more than the sum full of the meanings of its component-words, or a text means more than the sum of its sentences. Then, stylistic analysis involves rather subtle procedures of finding the foregrounded element and indicating the chemistry of its contextual changes, brought about by the intentional, planned operations of the addresser, i.e. effected by the conscious stylistic use of the language.

For foreign language students stylistic analysis holds particular difficulties: linguistic intuition of a native speaker, which is very helpful in all philological activities, does not work in the case of foreign learners. Likewise, difficulties may arise because of the inadequate language command and the ensuing gaps in grasping the bones, denotational information. Starting stylistic assay, thus, one should conduct in mind that the understanding of each dissever component of the message is an indispensable condition of satisfactory work with the bulletin equally a whole, of getting down to the core and essence of its pregnant.

Stylistic assay not only broadens the theoretical horizons of a language learner only information technology besides teaches the latter the skill of competent reading, on i mitt, and proprieties of situational linguistic communication usage, on the other.

Seminar 2. Lexical Stylistic Devices. Metaphor. Metonomy

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